COMMENT ⊗   VALID 00014 PAGES
C REC  PAGE   DESCRIPTION
C00001 00001
C00002 00002	.S Track Racing Rules
C00005 00003	<Riding Conduct.
C00008 00004	<Massed Start Race.
C00009 00005	<Handicap Race.
C00011 00006	<Miss and Out.
C00013 00007	<Sprint.
C00020 00008	<Tandem Sprint.
C00021 00009	<Time Trial.
C00026 00010	<Individual Pursuit.
C00039 00011	<Team Pursuit.
C00050 00012	<Points Race.
C00056 00013	<Madison.
C00064 00014	<Omnium.
C00066 ENDMK
C⊗;
.S Track Racing Rules
.ind track racing rules

<Track Markings.
.ind track markings
All lines on the track shall be of uniform width between 4 and 6 cm.
.ind measurement line
>The following shall be placed circumferentially around the track.
=The %3measurement line%* shall be black or white, to contrast with
the track, and shall be placed with its inner edge 20 cm. from the inner
edge of the track.
It shall be marked off at every 5 meters and numbered at every 10 meters
going counterclockwise from the finish line.
The official length of the track is to be measured on the inner edge of
this line.
.ind sprinters line
=The %3sprinters line%* shall be red and shall be placed with
its inner edge 90 cm. from the inner edge of the track.
.ind blue band
=A %3blue band%* at least 20 cm. wide shall be placed below the inner
edge of the track all the way around.

>The following lines shall be placed perpendicular to the inner edge.
.ind finish line on track
=The %3finish line%* shall be black and placed in the middle
of a 72 cm. wide white strip, for contrast.
=The %3200 meter line%* shall be either black or white,
to contrast with the track, and shall be placed 200 meters before the
finish line.
This line is used for sprint timing only.
=Two %3pursuit finish lines%* shall be red and
located exactly in the middle of the two straights, even with each other,
and shall extend from the inner edge halfway across the track.
=Where the starting lines for 3 km. and 4 km. pursuit events do not
coincide with other markings, they shall be red and shall extend from
the lower edge of the track to the sprinters line.
=@At intervals of 10 meters back from the finish line there shall be
a yellow mark and a distance label.
At the intervening 5 meter points there shall be a yellow half-mark.

<Riding Conduct.
.ind riding conduct on track
These rules apply to %3massed start, handicap, miss and out, madison%*,
and %3points races%*.
>Leaders must occupy the sprinters lane unless far enough in
the lead as not to interfere with competitors seeking to pass.
If the leader is below the sprinters line the following riders may not
pass underneath [relegation or disqualification].
.ind overtaking on the track
>A competitor overtaking another must pass on the outside
unless the rider ahead is riding above the sprinters line.
A rider who passes another must not in any way impede the progress of the
passed rider [relegation or disqualification].
>In the homestretch on the last lap, the leader(s) must ride a
straight line parallel to the edge of the track [relegation or disqualification].
>In all races it is permissible to ride below the measurement line, but
never below the track surface on the blue band
[relegation or disqualification].
.ind neutralizing track races
>When a rider has a crash that does not present a danger to the other
riders, the race will not be neutralized.
In case of a crash that causes a hazard to the other riders,
the race may be neutralized by the starter.
While the race is neutralized, all riders must ride slowly around the top
of the track, maintaining their relative positions.
Resumption of racing will be signaled by the starter when it becomes safe.

>Riders who suffer a mishap may be assisted in restarting.

<Massed Start Race.
.ind massed start track race
>A massed start race is one in which all riders start from
the same point at the same time.
The race shall be run over a specified number of laps and the riders classified
according to the order in which they cross the line on the final lap.
>Lapped riders not in contention are normally removed.
When lapped riders are not removed, they will finish on the same lap as
the leaders and shall be placed according to the number of laps they are
down and then their position at the finish

<Handicap Race.
.ind handicap track race
>A handicap is a race in which the stronger riders are given either
a greater distance to travel or a later start so as to equalize competition.
>The starting positions or the time allowances must be announced
to all participants before the start of the race.
The official handicapper shall decide what distance or time allowance
is to be granted to each competitor.
The competitor must supply accurate information to the handicapper.
>Starts will be made on the track itself unless the banking is
too steep for safety, in which case the competitors shall start on the
blue band.
>If two or more riders are to start from the same point,
they may be placed one after the other or side by side, whichever is safer.
The holders may be allowed to run with their riders for a short distance
at the start provided this is clearly stated before the race.
>The starter shall be positioned so as to see all
riders and may have an assistant with a flag to assist in observing a
possible false start.

<Miss and Out.
.ind miss and out
.ind devil take the hindmost
>A miss and out (sometimes called "devil take the
hindmost") is a massed start race in which the last rider over the line
on designated laps is eliminated from the race.
Riders may be eliminated every lap, every other lap, or on whatever
regular schedule is stipulated before the race.
>The back edge of the rear tire determines who is the last rider
over the line.
>The chief judge shall notify the last rider over the line.
The rider shall withdraw with due caution as soon as it is practical.
>If a rider does not come out as instructed, the chief referee may call
one or more free laps until the rider has retired.
[A rider who blatantly disregards instructions to leave the field shall be
subject to disqualification from the remaining events in the meet and possible
suspension].
>The miss and out may be ridden to the last person or to a
specificed number of survivors.
In the latter case, there may be a free lap followed by a conventional
sprint, judged on the order of finish by the front wheels.
The format to be used must be explained to all riders before the start
of the race.
<Sprint.
.ind sprint
.ind match sprint
>Sprints involve a series of races, each with a small number of
riders, leading to a final.
The structure of these races is chosen by the chief referee to meet the
needs of the racing program for the number of riders.
>The matching of riders in the qualifying and succeeding rounds should be
done in such a way that the fastest riders meet in the final race.
In national championships, riders shall be seeded
@by the chief referee on the basis of their national and international
placings in the current and preceding years.
>Sprints are run over 3 laps on a track of 333.33 meters
or less, or over 2 laps on a larger track.
>The starting position of each rider shall be decided by the
drawing of lots.
The rider drawing the inside position shall lead the
entire first lap at a minimum of a walking pace, except that if
another rider chooses to take the lead then he assumes this obligation.
Failure of the obligated rider to maintain a walking pace on the first lap
will result in the race being stopped and restarted with the rider
responsible leading in the reride.
Should the race be run in two heats, each rider shall lead one heat.
A further draw shall be made if a third and deciding heat proves
necessary.
>In national championship events, heats in the
qualifying round may include two to four competitors.
Riders losing in a qualifying round will be given another chance in a
repechage.
Upon reaching the quarter finals, each rider will advance upon winning two
out of three sprints against an opponent.
A competitor must be beaten twice in a single round in order to be
eliminated.
The four losers from the quarter finals shall compete in a four up
race to determine 5th through 8th positions.

.ind restart in sprint
.ind mishap in sprint
>Once the start has been given and
adjudged valid by the starter, the race shall not be stopped without a
legitimate reason.
Should any rider suffer a mishap at any time during the race,
a restart shall be signalled by the starter unless it is obvious that at
that moment the rider concerned had no chance to place.
In a reride following a mishap, the starting positions of the riders are
not changed.
Should a race be stopped because of an apparent mishap that turns out
to be not legitimate, the race will be restarted without the rider at fault.
.ind standstills on track
.ind track stands
>The starter may stop a race if during a
standstill a rider backs up by more than 20 cm. (8 inches).
The starter shall stop a race should any standstill occur on the blue
band, which is not part of the riding surface of the track,
@should any rider use the blue band as part of an acceleration
maneuver to reach sprint speed,%1
or should any
rider touch the track surface or the outside fence or railing before the
sprint has begun.
[The rider responsible will lead the reride.]
.ind foul riding in sprint
>Once the sprint has begun (the riders are
moving at full speed or near full speed) no rider may make an abrupt
motion that impedes the forward progress of another rider.
The leader must always leave room on the outside for other riders to pass.
If the leader is below the sprinters line, all following riders must pass
on the outside.
If the leader is riding above the sprinters line, following riders may
pass on either side wherever there is room.

>A rider in a two up sprint who intentionally causes a fall or who
falls while attempting an illegal maneuver shall be disqualified.
The wronged party shall be declared the winner without necessarily passing
the finish line.
>If one rider in a two up heat defaults, the other must
put in an appearance on the starting line in order to be declared winner,
but need not cover the distance.
>In a sprint with three or more contestants, a rider may be disqualified
for blocking, interfering with another rider, or deliberately causing a crash.
Whenever such a situation is detected the race should be stopped, if not
completed, and in any case shall be rerun without the rider responsible.
In the case of an accidental collision before the sprint has 
begun, the race will be stopped by the starter and rerun
with the original participants in the same starting positions.
>In the case of a dead heat, the race will be rerun with only the riders who
made the dead heat. 
<Tandem Sprint.
.ind tandem sprint
>Tandem sprints shall be run over the integral number of laps
nearest to 1500 meters for the particular track.
>Tandem sprint events on the track shall be run in 
accordance with sprint regulations.
>In no case shall more than four tandems be raced together, or
three on tracks smaller than 333 meters.

<Time Trial.
.ind time trial
.ind hour record
.ind kilometer time trial
>Riders are timed over a fixed distance and compete one at a time.
Starts may be either flying or standing, as specified.
If a session is interrupted, all competitors must ride in a subsequent
session.
>In flying start events, two laps are permitted before timing starts.
>STANDING START EVENTS
=The rider shall be held by an official at
the start and shall be neither restrained nor pushed.
The starter shall ensure that all riders start from exactly the same point,
with the leading edge of their front wheels directly over the starting
line and the bicycle not pointed up or down the track.
=In a kilometer time trial where
the start and finish are adjacent and whenever automatic electronic
timing is used, the following procedure shall be used.
When the rider is ready, the starter shall blow the whistle to alert the
timers that the start is imminent.
The rider then has up to 5 seconds to start.
Failure to do so may result in a restart.
Timing is started when the front wheel of the bicycle moves over the line.
=When only hand timing is used or the start and finish of
the race are not adjacent, the rider and the timing shall both start
immediately with the starting signal.

>In case of an apparent mishap, the officials must immediately
determine the cause.
If the mishap is verified, the rider is automatically entitled to
a restart.
Any rider intentionally causing a mishap shall be disqualified.
>Any restart will be made after the next five riders have gone.
If there are not five riders remaining, the restart shall be after
ten minutes.
A rider is permitted at most two restarts (that is, three starts).
>Should two or more riders make the same time, they shall be placed equal.

>The blue band shall be made impractical for riding by the
.r324n←arp;
placement of sponges 50 cm. by 8 cm. by 8 cm. in the turns at 5 meter
intervals, 20 cm. below the lower edge of the measurement line.
<Individual Pursuit.
.ind pursuit
.ind individual pursuit
>Pursuit is a race between competitors who are started
at equal intervals around the track and is run until one rider catches
the others or until a certain distance is covered, as specified in
advance.
A rider catches another by overtaking and drawing even.
.ind Australian pursuit
>Australian pursuit is a race between two or more
riders starting simultaneously at equal intervals around the track.  A
rider who is passed by any other rider must immediately retire.
The race is run until one rider catches all the others.
>Championship individual pursuit, treated below, is a
race between two riders starting on opposite sides of the track and ending
either when one rider catches the other or a certain distance is
covered.
The distances used are 3000 meters for senior women and juniors and
4000 meters for seniors.
The rider who catches the other or covers the distance in shortest time is
the winner.
.ind timing individual pursuit
>All timing shall be to 0.1 second or better.
Both riders will be timed at half laps throughout the race.
>One person only may indicate a rider's position in relation
to the other rider.
That person may occupy a position before or after the finish line,
but shall not make any rash gestures of encouragement.
>A rider may not participate in more than two pursuit matches on
the same day except in unavoidable circumstance which shall be decided by
the chief referee.  A minimum interval of two hours must be allowed
between rides.
>QUALIFYING ROUND
=The qualifying round is a time trial rather than a pursuit.
A rider who catches another must continue and complete the distance for
time, while the rider who is caught is automatically eliminated.
=The officials shall try for close competition by matching
riders of approximately equal ability.
In the first round the fastest riders shall start last.
=Should a rider who has qualified for the second round be
prevented from riding for unavoidable circumstance, the officials may permit
that rider's place to be taken by the rider who made the next best
time in the qualifying round.
No replacements are allowed after the second round.
>QUARTER FINALS
=If quarter finals are used, the eight fastest riders from the
qualifying round shall be matched on the basis of their times as follows:
1st with 8th, 2nd with 7th, 3rd with 6th, 4th with 5th.
The winners advance to the semi-finals.
The four losers from the quarter finals shall be classified 5th through 8th
based on the times they recorded in that round.
=A rider who catches an adversary shall complete the specified
distance to record a time for the seeding of the semi-finals.
>SEMI-FINALS
.continue
If semi-finals are used the four riders selected in the
preceding round shall be matched on the basis of their times in that round
as follows:  1st with 4th, 2nd with 3rd.
>FINALS
=If a semi-final is used, the winners of that round race for
first and second and the losers race for third and fourth.
=If no semi-final is used, then the two fastest riders from the
qualifying round race for first and second and the next two fastest
race for third and fourth.
>EQUIPMENT
=There shall be separate lap cards and a bell for each rider.
=A green disc shall be place in the homestraight and a red disc in
the backstraight exactly at the starting points of each rider.
There shall be conspicuous markers 30 meters ahead of the starting
point of each rider.
=A single green flag and a single red flag shall mark the first
kilometer of each rider respectively.
A double green flag and a double red flag shall mark the last kilometer
of each rider respectively.
These discs and flags permit the starter to determine the location of the
rider for the purpose of calling restarts.
=The blue band shall be made impractical for riding by the
placement of sponges 50 cm. by 8 cm. by 8 cm. in the turns at 5 meter
intervals, 20 cm. below the lower edge of the measurement line.

>STARTS
=The two riders shall be positioned to start on the inside of the track
diametrically opposite each other.
If the track has an integral number of half laps to the kilometer, this
will be at the red lines in the center of the straights.
=The start shall be by gun shot.
The starter and assistant starter shall be in the center of the track.
The riders shall be held by officials and neither restrained nor pushed.
The same two officials shall hold all riders except in the case of
unavoidable circumstance.
The referees located at each starting point shall ensure that all riders
start in exactly the same manner, with the front part of their front wheel
directly over the starting line and the bicycle not pointed up or down the
track.
They put up a flag when the rider is ready.
.ind false start in pursuit
=A false start shall be be called by the starter within the first 30
meters should either rider move forward before the gun is fired or if
either rider is pushed.
=Each rider is allowed two rerides only for false starts or
mishaps.
Therefore a rider is entitled to three starts only.
>MISHAPS
=The officials must immediately determine the cause for stoppage
and whether or not a legitimate mishap has occurred.
=%3Qualifying round:%* if either rider has a mishap
the other rider shall continue the time trial.
The rider suffering the mishap shall ride at the end of the qualifying
round, either alone or against another rider who has suffered a mishap.
=%3Quarter-final, semi-final, or final:%*
.ind mishap in pursuit
.continue
If either rider has a mishap in the first kilometer, the race will be
stopped and entirely rerun.
.continue
If a mishap occurs after the first kilometer but before the last,
the race will be stopped and restarted with both riders positioned
relative to the last half-lap lines they crossed;
the race leader will be on the line and the other rider a distance back
of the line equivalent to the gap in seconds, given by
.begin indent 5,9; nojust; group;
B α= G x D/S      where

B α= Distance back of the half-lap line for the slower rider,

G α= Gap in seconds between the time of the faster and slower rider at the
last completed half-lap,

D α= Distance completed up to the last half-lap,

S α= Time of the slower rider at the last half-lap.
.end continue
If either rider suffers a mishap in the last kilometer, the starter shall
stop the race and the times at the preceding
half-lap shall be used to decide the winner.
Should the lead rider have a mishap in the last kilometer of the quarter
finals, this rider's average speed will be used to calculate a time to
allow a fair placement in the semi-final, where the formula for the
corrected time is:
.begin indent 5,9; nojust; group
C α= L x R/D      where

C α= Corrected time for the lead rider,

L α= Time of the lead rider up to the last completed half-lap,

R α= Total distance of the race,

D α= Completed distance up to the last half-lap.
.end

>FINISH
=%3Quarter final:%* a rider who catches the other must complete
the distance to record a time so as to be properly placed in the
semi-final.  The rider who was caught is eliminated.
=%3Semi-final or final:%* if one rider passes the other
the starter shall signal the end of the race.
=In all rounds, if neither rider catches the other, then a single
gun shot shall be fired when the first rider finishes and another fired
when the second rider finishes.
=If both riders have the same time at the finish, the riders
shall be placed according to the better time at the end of the
next-to-last lap, followed by the previous lap, etc.

<Team Pursuit.
.ind team pursuit
>Pursuit teams are made up of two or more riders.
The rules for a particular event must appear in the official race announcement
and be explained to all participants before the start.
The official race announcement must specify how many riders must finish and
on which finisher the time is taken.
.ind Italian pursuit
>Italian pursuit is a race between teams of any number
of riders over a specified distance.
The teams are spaced at equal intervals around the track at the start.
The leading rider of each team shall lead for one or two laps, as
specified, then pull off.
The second rider shall then take the lead for the same number of laps
and also stop.
The same procedure shall be followed until
there is only one rider on the track per team during the last one or two laps.
The team wins whose last rider is farthest ahead as compared to the team's
starting position.

>Championship team pursuit matches, treated below, shall have three or four
riders per team and cover a distance of 4000 meters.
>There may be up to 6 riders entered for each team but a
racing team of no more than four riders may compete in a given session.
The composition of the racing team may be changed between sessions but not
between rounds in a given session.
.ind timing team pursuit
>All timing shall be to 0.1 second or better and is taken from the
front wheel of the third rider.
Both teams will be timed at full laps throughout the race.
>Only one person may indicate a team's position in relation
to the other team.
That person may occupy a position before or after the finish line,
but shall not make any rash gestures of encouragement.
>A team may not participate in more than two pursuit matches on the
same day except in unavoidable circumstances which shall be decided by the
chief referee.  A minimum interval of two hours must be allowed between rides.
>The organization of the various rounds in team pursuit is the
same as for individual pursuit.
>The equipment used for team pursuit shall be the same as for
individual pursuit except that the red and green flags which mark the
first and last kilometer are not needed.

>START
=The two teams shall be positioned to start on the inside of the track
diametrically opposite each other.
If the track has an integral number of half laps to the kilometer, this
will be at the red lines in the center of the straights.
=Each team may chose to line up for the start in either of two
ways:
.continue
All four riders on the line with one meter between them.
.continue
Only the first rider on the line and the others at a 45 degree angle back
of the first rider with one meter between them.
=The start shall be by gun shot.
The starter and assistant starter shall be in the center of the track.
The teams shall be held by officials and neither restrained nor pushed.
The same officials shall hold all riders except in the case of
unavoidable circumstance.
The officials located at each starting point shall ensure that all riders
are lined up properly at the
start and that the front part of the front wheel of the first rider is
directly over the starting line and that no other rider is ahead of the first.
All bicycles must be lined up straight and not pointed up or down the
track.
.ind false start in team pursuit
=A false start shall be signalled within the first 30
meters if any rider moves forward before the gun is fired or is pushed, or
if any rider other than the one on the inside takes the lead before the 30
meter mark.
=Each team is allowed two rerides only for false starts.
Therefore a team is entitled to only three starts.
>MISHAPS
.ind mishap in team pursuit
=The officials must immediately determine the cause for any stoppage
and whether or not a legitimate mishap has occurred.
=Should an apparent mishap affecting only one rider not prove
legitimate, that rider shall be eliminated and only the remaining three riders
allowed in the reride.
=%3Qualifying round:%* if one rider on a team has a mishap
at any time, the team may decide either to stop or continue to ride one person
short.
If the team decides to stop they must make their intention known within one
lap after the mishap.
If the team continues to ride and finishes one rider short, the resulting time
will be used to place them in the next round.
.continue
If more than one rider on a team has a mishap, the team shall stop and ride
again at the end of the qualifying round, either alone or against another
team that has also had a mishap.
=%3Quarter final, semi-final, %*or %3final:%*
.continue
If any rider has a mishap in the first %330 meters only%*, the race will
be stopped and restarted by the starter.
.continue
If one rider on either team has a mishap after the first 30 meters, the
other three riders must continue.
.continue
If more than one rider on either team has a mishap after the first 30
meters, the starter shall stop the race and the other team shall be
declared the winner.
=Each team is allowed only two restarts for mishaps.
Therefore a team is entitled to only three starts.
>FINISH
=In the %3qualifying round%*, if one team catches the other it shall
continue and record a time for the distance.
The team that was caught is eliminated.
=In the %3quarter final%*, if one team catches the other it shall
continue to record a time so that it can be properly placed in the
semi-final.
The team that was caught is eliminated.
=In the %3semi-final%* and %3final%* if one team
catches the other the starter shall stop the race.
A team is considered to have caught another team when the third rider
draws even with the third rider of the overtaken team.
=In all rounds, if one team does not catch the other, then a single
gun shot shall be fired when the first team finishes the specified distance
and another shot when the second team finishes.
The team is considered to have finished when the %3third%* rider crosses the
line.
=If both teams have the same time at the finish, the teams
shall be placed according to the better time made by the third rider
at the end of the next-to-last lap, followed by the previous lap, etc.
Three riders must complete the distance or the team cannot be classified.
>The members of a team shall not be allowed to push one another.
The penalty for doing so shall be disqualification in the qualifying
round and relegation to the next lower place in subsequent rounds.

<Points Race.
.ind points race
>A points race is a massed rolling start race in
which sprints for points are held on certain laps as designated by the
promoter, usually every five laps.
In each sprint, the first four riders shall normally be awarded points
in order of finish as follows: 5 points, 3 points, 2 points, 1 point.
The number of points will be doubled on the sprint nearest the midpoint
of the race and on the final sprint.

>The main group is the largest group on the track.
If two or more groups are the same size, the leading group shall be the
main group.

>GAINING LAPS
=A rider shall be considered to have lapped the main group upon
reaching a position to take shelter behind the main group.

=If a rider or riders should break away, they continue to score
points until they have lapped the main group.
Once they have lapped the main group they must
sprint with this group to score additional points.

=If the riders are strung out so that no main group exists,
the chief referee shall determine when a rider or group of riders has
passed enough riders to be credited with having gained a lap.

=Riders attempting to gain a lap may not
accept assistance from riders who have lost contact with the back of the field.
Riders attempting to gain a lap may work together, but no sacrifice of a
rider's position to the advantage of another rider shall be allowed
[loss of points or laps that have been illegally gained].

>LOSING LAPS
=Riders who lose laps may sprint for points @only%1
after being absorbed by the main group @prior to the beginning of the
sprint lap.
%1A rider may be considered to be absorbed when caught by the lead rider
in the main group.
@Riders may win points%1 regardless of how many laps they have lost.
=A rider who gains a lap and then loses contact does
not lose the lap until absorbed by the main group.
=Riders who fall too far behind and are considered out of contention may be
withdrawn by the chief referee.

>FREE LAPS
=In case of a mishap, the rider involved shall be given
one or more free laps up to a maximum of 1000 meters.
=In championship events, free laps may not be taken in the final 2000
meters of the race.
An alternative to this rule may be used in non-championship events if
announced in advance: free laps may be taken at any time, but a rider who
does so will be awarded no points in the next sprint.

>FINISH
=A points race ends when the leader completes the required
distance.  All other riders will finish on the same lap as the leader.
.ind tie breaking in points race
=Laps gained shall take precedence over points in determining
the final placings.  Points determine the final placings of riders who
are equal on laps.  When riders are tied on both laps and points, the
number of victories in sprints shall be used to break the tie.
If still tied, then
the placings in the final sprint or in the previous sprints in which one of
them placed working
backward from the final sprint shall be used.  Riders who fail to complete
the race shall not be placed.

>Foul riding may be punished by warning,
relegation, disqualification in the sprint, or disqualification from the race.

>If rain or any other circumstance forces the race to be stopped
after two-thirds of the distance has been covered, the results shall be
final at the point of stoppage.  Otherwise, the race shall be rerun
according to the instructions of the chief referee.

<Madison.
.ind madison
.ind "team race (madison)";
>A madison is a points race between teams of two or three riders
who relay each other for a specified distance or time.
In no case may more than two members of a team race at the same time.
>Sprints for points shall be held in the same manner as a points race.
The number of points @normally is%1 doubled on the sprint nearest the midpoint
of the race and on the last sprint.
@The promoter may specify different points allocations provided that
he informs the officials in writing in advance of the race.
.ind tie breaking in madison
>The final placings @of teams in a madison race%1 are determined
@in the same way as for riders in a points race.
>At the start of the race, one rider from each team will be on the
line and the other rider(s) will be on relief.
A rolling start will be used.
>GAINING LAPS
=A lap shall be considered gained if a team breaks away from the
main group and catches the main group again.
The main group is the largest group on the track.
If two or more groups are the same size, the leading group shall be the
main group.
=If the various teams are strung out separately on the track, a team
shall have gained a lap when it shall have passed a sufficient number
of teams in the judgement of the chief referee.
=Any lap gained unfairly through one or more competitors
sacrificing themselves for others shall not be allowed.
Violation of this rule will result in the teams concerned losing any points
or laps that have been illegally gained.
=Teams that gain a lap must sprint with the main group in order to
earn additional points.
>LOSING LAPS
=Teams that lose laps may sprint with the main group after being
absorbed by the main group.
They may sprint for points each time they are
caught, regardless of the number of laps they have lost.
=If a team being lapped is caught by the main group in a sprint lap,
that team will receive no points in that sprint.
In order for a team being lapped to score points, they must be caught
prior to crossing the line on the bell lap of the sprint.

>RELIEVING PARTNERS
=A rider entering the track from the blue band shall do so
on the homestraight or backstraight and must not interfere with riders
already on the track.
A rider leaving the track should stop on the blue band in one of
the straights, but never on turns.
=In order to make a change from racing rider to relief rider, a
rider must draw even with the teammate.  The relay may be made by
touching, pushing, pulling, or by merely drawing even with the partner.
Handslings may be allowed if so specified by the chief referee.
=A relay without the partners drawing even (a wireless pickup) may
result in a team being penalized a lap.
=In relieving, the members of a team must not interfere with other
competitors.  The relieved rider must stay on the inside of the track or
continue in a straight line from wherever the exchange was made until
all other riders in that group have passed safely.
When the track is clear, the relieved rider may move
up the track and proceed slowly until time for the next exchange.
If there are special regulations on where the riders must stay, they must
be explained to the riders before the race.
=It may be specified that there will be no exchanges in the
last lap or in the last 200 meters of a sprint.
Any such rules must be explained clearly to the riders before the race.

>MISHAPS
.ind mishap in madison
=In case of a mishap where a rider must leave the track,
the partner shall be assigned to a rider on another team that is on the
same position on the track and shall enter and leave the race with that
rider until the missing partner returns.
=Any damaged bicycle must be shown at once to the officials,
who will decide whether or not it is a legitimate mishap.
If legitimate, then the team involved will not be penalized any laps
while the rider is off the track.

>RETEAMING
=A rider who loses a partner through retirement or mishap
may be teamed up with another rider who has lost a partner.
Such reteaming shall be done at the discretion of the chief referee.
=In combining the remnants of two teams, the lower lap count and
points score of the two teams shall be used.
Should the reconstructed team be tied with another team, they shall be placed
behind that team.
=If the rider suffering a mishap cannot return to the track within 5 km.,
the chief referee may remove the team.

>A double gunshot is fired when the first rider completes the
specified distance or when the specified time has elapsed.
In the latter case, the final sprint occurs on the lap %3after%* the
double gunshot.
<Omnium.
.ind omnium
>An omnium is a set of races in which riders compete for points
in each event and final placings are determined by total points in all
events.
Different numbers of points may be given in different events.
The scoring scheme shall be specified in the official race announcement.
In national championship omniums, the points awarded in each event
shall be 7-5-3-2-1 for first through fifth places.

.ind tie breaking in omnium
>In case of a tie on total points, the tie will be
broken in favor of the rider who has:
.begin indent 1,5;
(1) the most finishes at the highest placing among the tied riders, or
if still tied,

(2) the highest placing in the last race, or the race nearest the last race
of the omnium in which at least one of the tied riders placed.
.end